2010年8月13日 星期五

httpd.conf 組態檔

紀錄Apache HTTP Server的組態檔(configuration file),這是預設的原始檔案內容,版本是Apache 2.2.16版。注意下方粗體字是常用的組態指令與注意事項。

#
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file.  It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
#
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do.  They're here only as hints or reminders.  If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
#
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path.  If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so "logs/foo.log"
# with ServerRoot set to "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2" will be interpreted by the
# server as "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/logs/foo.log".
#
# NOTE: Where filenames are specified, you must use forward slashes
# instead of backslashes (e.g., "c:/apache" instead of "c:\apache").
# If a drive letter is omitted, the drive on which httpd.exe is located
# will be used by default.  It is recommended that you always supply
# an explicit drive letter in absolute paths to avoid confusion.

#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# Do not add a slash at the end of the directory path.  If you point
# ServerRoot at a non-local disk, be sure to point the LockFile directive
# at a local disk.  If you wish to share the same ServerRoot for multiple
# httpd daemons, you will need to change at least LockFile and PidFile.
#
ServerRoot "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2"

#
# Listen: Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and/or
# ports, instead of the default. See also the
# directive.
#
# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.
#
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80

#
# Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
#
# To be able to use the functionality of a module which was built as a DSO you
# have to place corresponding `LoadModule' lines at this location so the
# directives contained in it are actually available _before_ they are used.
# Statically compiled modules (those listed by `httpd -l') do not need
# to be loaded here.
#
# Example:
# LoadModule foo_module modules/mod_foo.so
#
LoadModule actions_module modules/mod_actions.so
LoadModule alias_module modules/mod_alias.so
LoadModule asis_module modules/mod_asis.so
LoadModule auth_basic_module modules/mod_auth_basic.so
#LoadModule auth_digest_module modules/mod_auth_digest.so
#LoadModule authn_alias_module modules/mod_authn_alias.so
#LoadModule authn_anon_module modules/mod_authn_anon.so
#LoadModule authn_dbd_module modules/mod_authn_dbd.so
#LoadModule authn_dbm_module modules/mod_authn_dbm.so
LoadModule authn_default_module modules/mod_authn_default.so
LoadModule authn_file_module modules/mod_authn_file.so
#LoadModule authnz_ldap_module modules/mod_authnz_ldap.so
#LoadModule authz_dbm_module modules/mod_authz_dbm.so
LoadModule authz_default_module modules/mod_authz_default.so
LoadModule authz_groupfile_module modules/mod_authz_groupfile.so
LoadModule authz_host_module modules/mod_authz_host.so
#LoadModule authz_owner_module modules/mod_authz_owner.so
LoadModule authz_user_module modules/mod_authz_user.so
LoadModule autoindex_module modules/mod_autoindex.so
#LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so
#LoadModule cern_meta_module modules/mod_cern_meta.so
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
#LoadModule charset_lite_module modules/mod_charset_lite.so
#LoadModule dav_module modules/mod_dav.so
#LoadModule dav_fs_module modules/mod_dav_fs.so
#LoadModule dav_lock_module modules/mod_dav_lock.so
#LoadModule dbd_module modules/mod_dbd.so
#LoadModule deflate_module modules/mod_deflate.so
LoadModule dir_module modules/mod_dir.so
#LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so
#LoadModule dumpio_module modules/mod_dumpio.so
LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so
#LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so
#LoadModule ext_filter_module modules/mod_ext_filter.so
#LoadModule file_cache_module modules/mod_file_cache.so
#LoadModule filter_module modules/mod_filter.so
#LoadModule headers_module modules/mod_headers.so
#LoadModule ident_module modules/mod_ident.so
#LoadModule imagemap_module modules/mod_imagemap.so
LoadModule include_module modules/mod_include.so
#LoadModule info_module modules/mod_info.so
LoadModule isapi_module modules/mod_isapi.so
#LoadModule ldap_module modules/mod_ldap.so
#LoadModule logio_module modules/mod_logio.so
LoadModule log_config_module modules/mod_log_config.so
#LoadModule log_forensic_module modules/mod_log_forensic.so
#LoadModule mem_cache_module modules/mod_mem_cache.so
LoadModule mime_module modules/mod_mime.so
#LoadModule mime_magic_module modules/mod_mime_magic.so
LoadModule negotiation_module modules/mod_negotiation.so
#LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
#LoadModule proxy_ajp_module modules/mod_proxy_ajp.so
#LoadModule proxy_balancer_module modules/mod_proxy_balancer.so
#LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
#LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so
#LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so
#LoadModule reqtimeout_module modules/mod_reqtimeout.so
#LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
LoadModule setenvif_module modules/mod_setenvif.so
#LoadModule speling_module modules/mod_speling.so
#LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
#LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so
#LoadModule substitute_module modules/mod_substitute.so
#LoadModule unique_id_module modules/mod_unique_id.so
#LoadModule userdir_module modules/mod_userdir.so
#LoadModule usertrack_module modules/mod_usertrack.so
#LoadModule version_module modules/mod_version.so
#LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules/mod_vhost_alias.so



#
# If you wish httpd to run as a different user or group, you must run
# httpd as root initially and it will switch.
#
# User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.
# It is usually good practice to create a dedicated user and group for
# running httpd, as with most system services.
#
User daemon
Group daemon




# 'Main' server configuration
#
# The directives in this section set up the values used by the 'main'
# server, which responds to any requests that aren't handled by a
# definition.  These values also provide defaults for
# any containers you may define later in the file.
#
# All of these directives may appear inside containers,
# in which case these default settings will be overridden for the
# virtual host being defined.
#

#
# ServerAdmin: Your address, where problems with the server should be
# e-mailed.  This address appears on some server-generated pages, such
# as error documents.  e.g. admin@your-domain.com
#
ServerAdmin admin@localhost

#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
#ServerName localhost:80

#
# DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
# documents. By default, all requests are taken from this directory, but
# symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
#
DocumentRoot "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/htdocs"

#
# Each directory to which Apache has access can be configured with respect
# to which services and features are allowed and/or disabled in that
# directory (and its subdirectories).
#
# First, we configure the "default" to be a very restrictive set of
# features.
#

    Options FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Order deny,allow
    Deny from all


#
# Note that from this point forward you must specifically allow
# particular features to be enabled - so if something's not working as
# you might expect, make sure that you have specifically enabled it
# below.
#

#
# This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to.
#

    #
    # Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All",
    # or any combination of:
    #   Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews
    #
    # Note that "MultiViews" must be named *explicitly* --- "Options All"
    # doesn't give it to you.
    #
    # The Options directive is both complicated and important.  Please see
    # http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#options
    # for more information.
    #
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

    #
    # AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files.
    # It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords:
    #   Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
    #
    AllowOverride None

    #
    # Controls who can get stuff from this server.
    #
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all



#
# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
# is requested.
#

    DirectoryIndex index.html


#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
# viewed by Web clients.
#

    Order allow,deny
    Deny from all
    Satisfy All


#
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here.  If you *do* define an error logfile for a
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog "logs/error.log"

#
# LogLevel: Control the number of messages logged to the error_log.
# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
# alert, emerg.
#
LogLevel warn


    #
    # The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
    # a CustomLog directive (see below).
    #
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common

    
      # You need to enable mod_logio.c to use %I and %O
      LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio
  

    #
    # The location and format of the access logfile (Common Logfile Format).
    # If you do not define any access logfiles within a
    # container, they will be logged here.  Contrariwise, if you *do*
    # define per- access logfiles, transactions will be
    # logged therein and *not* in this file.
    #
    CustomLog "logs/access.log" common

    #
    # If you prefer a logfile with access, agent, and referer information
    # (Combined Logfile Format) you can use the following directive.
    #
    #CustomLog "logs/access.log" combined



    #
    # Redirect: Allows you to tell clients about documents that used to
    # exist in your server's namespace, but do not anymore. The client
    # will make a new request for the document at its new location.
    # Example:
    # Redirect permanent /foo http://localhost/bar

    #
    # Alias: Maps web paths into filesystem paths and is used to
    # access content that does not live under the DocumentRoot.
    # Example:
    # Alias /webpath /full/filesystem/path
    #
    # If you include a trailing / on /webpath then the server will
    # require it to be present in the URL.  You will also likely
    # need to provide a section to allow access to
    # the filesystem path.

    #
    # ScriptAlias: This controls which directories contain server scripts.
    # ScriptAliases are essentially the same as Aliases, except that
    # documents in the target directory are treated as applications and
    # run by the server when requested rather than as documents sent to the
    # client.  The same rules about trailing "/" apply to ScriptAlias
    # directives as to Alias.
    #
    ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/cgi-bin/"




    #
    # ScriptSock: On threaded servers, designate the path to the UNIX
    # socket used to communicate with the CGI daemon of mod_cgid.
    #
    #Scriptsock logs/cgisock


#
# "C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Apache2.2/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased
# CGI directory exists, if you have that configured.
#

    AllowOverride None
    Options None
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all


#
# DefaultType: the default MIME type the server will use for a document
# if it cannot otherwise determine one, such as from filename extensions.
# If your server contains mostly text or HTML documents, "text/plain" is
# a good value.  If most of your content is binary, such as applications
# or images, you may want to use "application/octet-stream" instead to
# keep browsers from trying to display binary files as though they are
# text.
#
DefaultType text/plain


    #
    # TypesConfig points to the file containing the list of mappings from
    # filename extension to MIME-type.
    #
    TypesConfig conf/mime.types

    #
    # AddType allows you to add to or override the MIME configuration
    # file specified in TypesConfig for specific file types.
    #
    #AddType application/x-gzip .tgz
    #
    # AddEncoding allows you to have certain browsers uncompress
    # information on the fly. Note: Not all browsers support this.
    #
    #AddEncoding x-compress .Z
    #AddEncoding x-gzip .gz .tgz
    #
    # If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
    # probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
    #
    AddType application/x-compress .Z
    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz

    #
    # AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to "handlers":
    # actions unrelated to filetype. These can be either built into the server
    # or added with the Action directive (see below)
    #
    # To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:
    # (You will also need to add "ExecCGI" to the "Options" directive.)
    #
    #AddHandler cgi-script .cgi

    # For type maps (negotiated resources):
    #AddHandler type-map var

    #
    # Filters allow you to process content before it is sent to the client.
    #
    # To parse .shtml files for server-side includes (SSI):
    # (You will also need to add "Includes" to the "Options" directive.)
    #
    #AddType text/html .shtml
    #AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml


#
# The mod_mime_magic module allows the server to use various hints from the
# contents of the file itself to determine its type.  The MIMEMagicFile
# directive tells the module where the hint definitions are located.
#
#MIMEMagicFile conf/magic

#
# Customizable error responses come in three flavors:
# 1) plain text 2) local redirects 3) external redirects
#
# Some examples:
#ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo."
#ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html
#ErrorDocument 404 "/cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl"
#ErrorDocument 402 http://localhost/subscription_info.html
#

#
# EnableMMAP and EnableSendfile: On systems that support it,
# memory-mapping or the sendfile syscall is used to deliver
# files.  This usually improves server performance, but must
# be turned off when serving from networked-mounted
# filesystems or if support for these functions is otherwise
# broken on your system.
#
#EnableMMAP off
#EnableSendfile off

# Supplemental configuration
#
# The configuration files in the conf/extra/ directory can be
# included to add extra features or to modify the default configuration of
# the server, or you may simply copy their contents here and change as
# necessary.

# Server-pool management (MPM specific)
#Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf

# Multi-language error messages
#Include conf/extra/httpd-multilang-errordoc.conf

# Fancy directory listings
#Include conf/extra/httpd-autoindex.conf

# Language settings
#Include conf/extra/httpd-languages.conf

# User home directories
#Include conf/extra/httpd-userdir.conf

# Real-time info on requests and configuration
#Include conf/extra/httpd-info.conf

# Virtual hosts
#Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf

# Local access to the Apache HTTP Server Manual
#Include conf/extra/httpd-manual.conf

# Distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV)
#Include conf/extra/httpd-dav.conf

# Various default settings
#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf

# Secure (SSL/TLS) connections
#Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf
#
# Note: The following must must be present to support
#       starting without SSL on platforms with no /dev/random equivalent
#       but a statically compiled-in mod_ssl.
#

SSLRandomSeed startup builtin
SSLRandomSeed connect builtin


Apache HTTP Server 主目錄

今天看看Apache HTTP Server安裝於Win32目錄之下的情形,一般來說,預設值的安裝路徑是C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2之中,裡面的資料夾與檔案如下:
  • 檔案資料夾
    • bin,
      主程式(httpd.exe)的存放位置,還有一些工具像是ApacheMonitor.exe的程式。
    • cgi-bin,
      儲存CGI script的地方。
    • conf,
      組態檔(Configuration File)的存放位置,最重要的是httpd.conf檔案
    • error,
      錯誤訊息頁面。
    • htdocs,
      網站根目錄的位置。
    • icons,
      存放圖示檔。
    • logs,
      存放日誌檔案,像是access.log和error.log。
    • manual,
      使用手冊。
    • modules,
      模組的存放位置。
  • 檔案
    • ABOUT_APACHE.txt,說明Apache HTTP Server是什麼、做什麼、誰做的。
    • CHANGES.txt,修改記錄
    • INSTALL.txt,安裝說明文件
    • LICENSE.txt,授權條款(許可說明文件)
    • NOTICE.txt,注意事項
    • README.txt,請先讀我檔案
    • README-win32.txt,有關Windows平台的README檔案
###

2010年8月12日 星期四

Apache The Definitive Guide 技術手冊

經過了一年多一點,這段期間累積對於Windows應用程式開發的知識與經驗,現在回頭看看Apache,我的視野已經不再是相同的高度。再次重拾書籍複習,這本書是「Apache技術手冊(第三版)」,大概是中文書裡唯一有關Apache的經典翻譯書籍!前一年,沒有時間細細品味Apache的美,現在經歷多了,有能力可以仔細咀嚼那其中的奧妙之處。

這只是開端。This is an inception.

Ben Laurie & Peter Laurie原著,郭文生編譯,Apache技術手冊(第三版),台北:歐萊禮,2003。

發行者:美商歐萊禮股份有限公司台灣分公司(O'Reilly Media, Inc. Taiwan Branch)

目錄

第一章 Apache 入門
  • Web伺服器的功能
  • Apache的運作方式
  • Apache與網路
  • HTTP客戶端的運作方式
  • 伺服端的運作方式
  • Apache之安裝規劃
  • Windows的問題
  • Apache的版本
  • 安裝Apache
  • Unix下建製Apache 1.3.X
  • Apache 2.0的新功能
  • 在Unix下製成與安裝Apache 2.0
  • Windows下的Apache
第二章 設定 Apache:起手式
  • Apache 網站的背後
  • site.toddle
  • 架設 Unix 伺服器
  • 指令
第三章 建立真實網站
  • 較佳的網站:site.simple
  • Butterthlies 公司上線了
  • 區塊指令
  • 其它的指令
  • HTTP 的回應標頭
  • 再啟動
  • .htaccess
  • CERN 中介檔
  • 逾期
第四章 虛擬主機
  • 兩個網站與 Apache
  • 虛擬主機
  • 兩個 Apache 的分身
  • 動態設定的虛擬主機
第五章 驗證
  • 驗證協定
  • 驗證指令
  • Unix 下的密碼
  • Win32 下的密碼
  • Web 上的密碼
  • 從用戶端的觀點出發
  • CGI Script
  • 主題的變化
  • Order、Allow、與 Deny
  • Unix 上的 DBM 檔
  • 摘要驗證
  • 匿名存取
  • 實驗
  • 自動的使用者資訊
  • 使用 .htaccess 檔
  • 指令的改寫
第六章 網頁內容描述與修正
  • MIME 類型
  • 網頁內容協商
  • 語言協商
  • 類型對應表
  • 瀏覽器與 HTTP 1.1
  • 過濾器
第七章 製作索引
  • 製作較佳的索引
  • 製作自己的索引
  • 影像地圖(Imagemap)
  • 影像地圖的指令
第八章 重導向
  • Alias
  • Rewrite
  • 重寫的範例
  • 拼字
第九章 代理伺服器
  • 安全防護
  • 代理伺服器的指令
  • 外表上的錯誤
  • 效能
  • 設定
第十章 日誌紀錄
  • 用 Script 及資料庫建立日誌
  • Apache 的日誌機制
  • 組態的日誌紀錄
  • AddModuleInfo
  • 狀態
第十一章 安全防護
  • 內部與外部使用者
  • 數位簽章、虛擬現金
  • 憑證
  • 防火牆
  • 法律上的問題
  • Secure Sockets Layer(SSL)
  • Apache 的安全防護措施
  • SSL 的指令
  • 密碼套件
  • 實際狀況下的安全防護
  • 未來的方向
第十二章 執行大型網站
  • 主機架設
  • 伺服器的安全防護
  • 管理大型網站
  • 支援軟體
  • 擴充性
  • 負載平衡
第十三章 建製應用程式
  • 以網站當作應用程式
  • 提供應用程式的邏輯
  • XML、XSLT,與 Web 應用程式
第十四章 伺服端擴充
  • 檔案大小
  • 檔案修改時間
  • 引入
  • 執行 CGI
  • Echo
  • Apache v2:SSI 過濾器
第十五章 PHP
  • 安裝 PHP
  • site.php
第十六章 CGI 與 Perl
  • CGI 的世界
  • 告訴 Apache 關於 script 的資訊『318』
  • 設定環境變數
  • Cookies
  • Script 指令
  • Unix 上的 suEXEC
  • 處理器(Handler)
  • Actions
  • 瀏覽器
第十七章 mod_perl
  • mod_perl 的運作方式
  • mod_perl 的文件
  • 安裝 mod_perl — 簡易法
  • 修正你的 script 以便在 mod_perl 下執行
  • 全域變數
  • Strict 前置條件
  • 載入變動
  • 開啟與關閉檔案
  • 設定 Apache 以使用 mod_perl
第十八章 mod_jserv 與 Tomcat
  • mod_jserv
  • Tomcat
  • 連接 Tomcat 與 Apache
第十九章 XML 與 Cocoon
  • XML
  • XML 與 Perl
  • Cocoon
  • Cocoon 1.8 與 JServ
  • Cocoon 2.0.3 與 Tomcat
  • 測試 Cocoon
第二十章 Apache 的 API
  • 文件
  • APR
  • 集散區(Pool)
  • 以伺服器為基準的組態
  • 以目錄為基準的組態
  • 以請求為基準(per-request)的資訊
  • 存取組態與請求資訊
  • 掛鉤、選擇性的掛鉤,以及選擇性的函式
  • 過濾器、儲存區,及儲存區串列
  • 模組
第廿一章 編寫 Apache 的模組
  • 概要說明
  • 狀態碼
  • 模組結構
  • 完整的範例
  • 一般的提示
  • 移植至 Apache 2.0
附錄 Apache 1.x 的 API

索引